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In TRPV1 expressing sensory neurons and PC12 cells, repeated or high dose capsaicin exposure induces transient mitochondrial damage while simultaneously activating mitophagy and upregulating mitochondrial proteins such as COX IV, Mic60/Mitofilin, and VDAC1, suggesting a coordinated response in which damaged mitochondria are removed and replaced by a healthier organelle pool (38)

2000 Jan;163(1):348-56 Lokeshwar VB, Obek C, Pham HT, Wei D, Young MJ, Duncan RC, Soloway MS, Block NL

Patients who have had surgery abroad or privately and are now under NHS GP care should request a referral to a dietitian or specialist service for ongoing nutritional monitoring

Although zinc itself is not an antioxidant and is redox-inert, it contributes to oxidative defense through several mechanisms (178, 179)

Which Peptide Is Studied for What