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Research involving GHK-Cu commonly investigates its interaction with: Collagen- and elastin-related pathways Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and extracellular-matrix signaling Tissue-maintenance and dermal-support mechanisms Angiogenesis-related pathways Vascular-support and circulation-related signaling Antioxidant-defense systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD)-related activity Research commonly explores how copper-related signaling pathways may interact with cellular-renewal, tissue-remodeling, and physiological-maintenance mechanisms

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However, inhibition of glycolysis by application of 2DG lowers the cellular ATP content both in glucose-deprived and glucose-fed astrocytes during the initial minutes of incubation by formation and accumulation of 2DG-6-phosphate (2DG6P), but this initial ATP decline slows down and even after hours of incubation with 2DG around half of the initial cellular ATP content is detectable, consistent with efficient ATP regeneration by mitochondrial metabolism [67]

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