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However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of L-carnitine on immunity and immune function in humans

TMAO is mainly derived from gut, where the gut microbiota converts TMA precursors into TMA, which is absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal mucosa, and then transformed into TMAO by hepatic flavin monooxygenases (FMOs) in the liver

H., Youssry, I., Shaheen, N., Hamdy, M., El-Ghamrawy, M., and Taher, A

Similarly, higher TMAO levels also appear to correlate with impaired kidney function, and reduced renal clearance of TMAO is associated with an increased risk of CVD

And if we can't increase carnitine in the muscle with a supplement and we can't get it into the mitochondria, it can not exert its claimed effects