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Microglia activation increases the amount of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NFKB) and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), with subsequent upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase and cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) (53, 54)

In mice, low levels of SCFAs, especially butyrate, were observed during middle cerebral artery occlusion (239), whereas high levels of gut microbiota metabolites, especially butyrate, acetate, and propionate, improved prognosis after ischemic stroke (240)

doi: 10.2174/1570161115666170609101502 7 CapogrossoPVentimigliaEBoeriLCazzanigaWChierigoFPederzoliFet al

Patients may feel the medication works less dramatically over time because they have adapted to its effects

Specifically, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) take up and store energy in the form of triglycerides when nutrient supply exceeds demand 1