However, the ubiquitous presence of antioxidant enzymes that reduce or counteract cellular peroxidation induced by ROS, including glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) (337), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and peroxiredoxin (Prxs) have been reported in a variety of cells [10,11,12]
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Recent intervention strategies targeting metabolic symbiosis nodes, specifically a low-leucine diet combined with YAP inhibitors, can effectively disrupt the TI-Treg OXPHOS-immunosuppression axis by inhibiting the YAP-Lars2-leucine pathway, suggesting novel approaches to overcome tumor microenvironment-mediated immunosuppression and therapeutic resistance
Antioxidants can be either non-enzymatic (e.g., vitamins E, C, A, selenium, transferrin, and lactoferrin, ascorbic acid, glutathione, melatonin, carotenoids, flavonoids, proline), or specialised enzymes that vary in subcellular localisation, predominant substrate, and rate of reactivity 7,22,23
Electrogenic uptake of glutamate and aspartate into glial cells isolated from the salamander (Ambystoma) retina