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These include: Pernicious Anemia: An autoimmune disease that stops the stomach from making a protein needed for B12 absorption

(2004) Obesity n=98 Extended 52-week RCT of AOD 9604 5mg versus placebo with assessment of sustained weight loss and tolerability

Another study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that B12 supplements improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression in individuals with depression

4,5 Dietary insufficiency, pernicious anemia (i.e., an autoimmune process that reduces available intrinsic factor and subsequent absorption of vitamin B 12 1,2,6,7 ), and long-term use of metformin or acid-suppressing medications have been implicated in B 12 deficiency