Functional complementation of anthocyanin sequestration in the vacuole by widely divergent glutathione S-transferases
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Abbreviations 1 H-MRS: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ALT: alanine aminotransferase AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase apoB100: apolipoprotein B100 AST: aspartate aminotransferase AUROC: area under receiver operator characteristic BARD score: BMI, AST/ALT ratio, Diabetes BMI: body mass index BSH: bile salt hydrolase CAP: controlled attenuation parameter ChREBP: carbohydrate regulatory element binding protein DNL: de novo lipogenesis EASL: European Association for the Study of Liver EBMT: endoscopic bariatric and metabolic treatment ELF: enhanced liver fibrosis score FAS: fatty acid synthase FFA: free fatty acid FGF: fibroblast growth factor FXR: farnesoid x receptor GH: growth hormone GI: gastrointestinal GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GLP1: glucagon like peptide 1 GLP1-Ras: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist GLUT4: glucose transporter 4 HDL: high-density lipoprotein HTGC: hepatic triglyceride content IGF1: insulin-like growth factor-1 IR: insulin resistance LSM: liver stiffness measurement MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease MRE: magnetic resonance elastography MRI-PDFF: magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction MTTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B PLNPLA3: patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor RBP4: retinol-binding protein 4 ROS: reactive oxygen species SAF: steatosis, activity, and fibrosis SCFA: short-chain fatty acid SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus TIMP1: tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 TM6SF2: transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 USG: B-mode ultrasonography VCTE: vibration-controlled transient elastography VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein Declarations Acknowledgement None
However, in glutathione synthetase deficiency, because the activity of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase is regulated via feedback inhibition by glutathione, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine and then L-5-oxoproline are overproduced, resulting in the metabolic acidosis and urinary excretion of this compound at levels several hundred-fold above normal (71
In contrast, acoustic trauma that only induces temporary threshold shifts does not result in direct hair cell loss
