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The device worked by pressure from a syringe plunger, which pushed the fluid down the tube and past the concentric ring tip where the flow was converted into a thin mist that exited the applicator at the entrance to one nostril directly into the nasal cavity

20 NRF2 was first identified in 1994, 21 and by 1996, 22 it had been discovered that under oxidative stress conditions, it could activate the expression of antioxidative enzyme genes, including NQO1, GPX4, TXN, and PRDX1

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A proximal AP-1 element (263 to 269) was found to be critical in mediating the effect of oxidative stress-induced increase in human GCLC transcription [98103]

10.1038/nature08933 83 JeongH.ChoiD.OhY.HeoJ.HongJ