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We determined cell viability and cytotoxicity by using tetrazolium reduction assay and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, performed real-time PCR and protein quantification to assess the expression of biomarkers after treating cells with copper peptide (GHK-Cu), copper chloride (CuCl 2 ) and copper acetate (Cu(OAc) 2 )

Because glutathione is a potent antioxidant, it helps neutralize the triggers that lead to excess pigmentation in the first place

This was achieved by up-regulating NF-E2-related factor-2 (NRF-2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP-1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which are essential components of the antioxidant response pathway

Here is where researchers looking to source research-grade GHK-Cu should start the procurement process.

They are formed during normal energy production, immune activity, exercise, and cellular signaling