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Mitochondrial-dependent manganese neurotoxicity in rat primary astrocyte cultures

Horvat et al

During ischemia, overstimulation of NMDA receptors by glutamate and glycine triggers pathological calcium influx, leading to mitochondrial calcium overload and subsequent mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, further initiating apoptotic cascades [144] (Fig

Reagents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl-KG were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St