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Deciphering the co-adaptation of codon usage between respiratory coronaviruses and their human host uncovers candidate therapeutics for COVID-19

In this context, IDO1 expression might be associated with antitumor immune responses, as a marker of M1 macrophages, but not related to the enzymatic and anti-inflammatory activity of IDO1

Ruvolo PP, Qui YH, Coombes KR, Zhang N, Ruvolo VR, Borthakur G , Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Kornblau SM

Extended Phenotypebut not too extended

In controlled human trials, doses between 6mg and 12mg per day have reduced markers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).22 A 2022 meta-analysis combining results from 12 clinical studies also found small but significant reductions in C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 both indicators of systemic inflammation.23 Researchers think this might be due to astaxanthins ability to interact with key inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-B and Nrf2, which help regulate the bodys balance between inflammation and antioxidant defenses.24 25 These effects appear modest but consistent across studies, though its not yet clear how much they translate into real-world health outcomes