heteroplasmy and glutathione Mitochondrial DNA has always been the odd relative in genetics: tiny, separate from the main genome, packed inside the cell's energy factories. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA exists in many copies per Mitochondrial DNA: a molecular switch

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PLoS One 8(4):e60778, 2013

Zepbound (tirzepatide) is an FDA-approved weight loss drug used with a lower-calorie diet and increased physical activity to help with weight loss and long-term weight management in adults with: a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher (obesity) a BMI of 27 or higher (overweight) and a weight-related health condition, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, or obstructive sleep apnea Tirzepatide, the active ingredient in Zepbound can also lower blood sugar and help people with diabetes lose weight

Indeed, oxidative stress-induced drop of bile flow and/or decrease of the bile salt-secretory rate becomes aparent before leakage of cytosolic hepatocellular enzymes or increments in intracellular GSSG levels is induced by administration of different pro-oxidant compounds to isolated perfused rat livers.70,75 Likewise, in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets, an in vitro model for the study of hepatocanalicular function, the secretion of fluorescent bile-salt analogues into the canalicular vacuole was impaired by low concentrations of the pro-oxidant compounds, tBOOH and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, even when GSSG intracellular levels and cellular viability were unaffected.98 Finally, also in the couplet model, a dissociation between apical secretion of fluorescent bile-salt analogues and the amount of GSSG produced in the cell by the oxidizing effects of redox-cycling quinones has been reported.99 Overall, these results suggest that more subtle changes in the machinery involved in bile formation occur under mild oxidative stress conditions

Cancer metabolism pipeline breaks new ground