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HIV activation in U1 cells was carried out by treatment with 5 ng/ml of phorbol ester PMA (Sigma) or 1.25 M prostratin (Sigma)

Sullivan et al., 2000) of phosphorylative cascade, MAPKs ( The outstanding progress accomplished in the last years allows to assert that, even though the pathways implicated in the induction/execution of apoptosis have remained largely unaltered, many new redox-dependent processes have been added and we suggest the reading of several reviews on this subject ( From the first evidence regarding the involvement of GSH in apoptosis, up to date many improvements have been made, and growing results, which attempted to dissect the mechanisms linking GSH to cellular redox-dependent processes, were added

The table below summarizes some of the available treatment options that have shown potential in experimental models and their clinical status (Table 1)