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In the groups stimulated with 10 ng/mL IGF-I, IRS-1 levels decreased at 6 h, gradually increased again from 18 to 30 h, decreased at 36 h, and increased thrice at 48 h

Formation of intracellular aggregates of various crystallin proteins was visualized by fluorescence of GFP (green) and the nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue)

Statements Author contributions JP: Conceptualization, Writing original draft, Writing review and editing

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1774375 Received 23 December 2025 Revised 22 January 2026 Accepted 26 January 2026 Published 17 February 2026 Volume 13 - 2026 Edited by Abul Hossain, University of British Columbia, Canada Reviewed by Changbao Sun, Qiqihar University, China Suresh Kumar, National Institute of Biologicals, India Updates Copyright 2026 Egas-Montenegro, Echeverria-Chilla, Garca-Ulloa, Aizaga-Benalcazar and Ordoez-Araque

As a new uremic toxin and potential biomarker, TMAO is involved in changes in the heart-gut-kidney axis, including neuroendocrine activation, hemodynamic changes, alterations in gut microbiota, and intestinal congestion (Xiong et al., 2023)