That imaging tells me whether we're dealing with active degeneration, scar tissue, partial tearing, or a healing response that stalled
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Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase APOE: Apolipoprotein E APP/PS1E9: Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 E9 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate A: Amyloid-beta BBB: Blood-brain barrier BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BCL-XL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell CDK5: Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 CNS: Central nervous system DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DRI: D-Retro-Inverso FOXO4: Forkhead box O4 FOXO4-DRI: FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 IND: Investigational New Drug JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase MCI: Mild cognitive impairment MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging OPCs: Oligodendrocyte precursor cells PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase ROS: Reactive oxygen species SASP: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- 3xTg-AD: Triple transgenic Alzheimers disease References Abou Zaki R, El-Osta A (2024) Metformin: decelerates biomarkers of aging clocks
The answer isn't as simple as you might think, and getting it right is a critical, non-negotiable element of any valid research project
By appending the tripeptide sequence Pro-Gly-Pro to tuftsin's C-terminus, they created Selank, a heptapeptide that retained tuftsin's immunomodulatory properties while gaining pronounced neurotropic effects and substantially improved resistance to enzymatic degradation
