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In PD, misfolded syn and neuronal damageassociated molecules (e.g., ATP, HMGB1) activate microglia through pattern recognition receptors including TLR2 and TLR4 [14], triggering a proinflammatory phenotype with cytokines (TNF and IL1) and ROS release [15]

These CO measurements capture a physiologically relevant readout of persistent mitochondrial stress and cumulative damage

For deeper ammonia removal, I recommend targeted amino acids that help with detoxification, such as NOW Foods Ornithine (500-2000 mg) at bedtime

Similarly, RBC zinc and RBC folate provide better information about cellular status than serum measurements

Full protocol with comprehensive search strategy, filters, keywords, and combinations is available in Supplementary material 1