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10.1007/s10565-015-9296-7 95 MehmoodT.MaryamA.GhramhH

Elevated free fatty acid levels in obesity can trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which can progress to oxidative stress (178, 179), potentially playing a significant role in the development of chronic inflammation

By neutralizing lipid peroxides via the enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPx4), L-glutathione preserves the structural integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, allowing the ETC to resume efficient ATP production

The Role of GSH in Maintaining Redox Homeostasis The essential roles that glutathione plays in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis are postulated to occur in most types of cells

Despite their overlapping features, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of abdominal pain in FC remain poorly understood, and it is unclear whether the pain mechanisms in FC resemble those in IBS-C or arise from distinct processes [16, 17]